Factors afecting enzyme activity Essay Example for Free

Factors afecting enzyme activity Essay Below is a table of result which I obtained when conducting these experiments. Time (s) Amount of gas given off using 1cm3 of liver suspension and 1cm3 of hydrogen peroxide (cm3) 0. 0 Amount of gas given off using 2cm3 of liver suspension and 3cm3 of hydrogen peroxide(cm3)   Amount of gas given off using 1cm3 of liver suspension and 3cm3 of hydrogen peroxide(cm3) 0 Amount of gas given off using 1cm3 of liver suspension and 4cm3 of hydrogen peroxide(cm3). Amount of gas given off using 1cm3 of liver suspension and 5cm3 of hydrogen peroxide(cm3)   Amount of gas given off using 0. 5cm3 of liver suspension and 5cm3 of hydrogen peroxide(cm3) 0By looking at these results I can see that the best ratio I have tested so far is the ratio of 10:1 (5cm3 hydrogen peroxide to 0. 5 cm3 liver suspension) as it gives me a good spread of results and does not happen so quickly that I cannot take results from it. I obtained a 1cm3 syringe with which I could accurately measure to the nearest 0. 02 cm3 I used 0. 2cm3 of liver suspension and 5cm3 of hydrogen peroxide my results are in the table below. Time (s): 0. 0   Amount of gas given off using 0. 2cm3 of liver suspension and 1cm3 of hydrogen peroxide (cm3his ratio gave me good results which I can easily analyse so I have decided to use this ratio in my final experiment. I will use the concentrations 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% of liver suspension in my experiments as these should give me sensible results. Also, after conducting these experiments I have decided to use a 1cm3 syringe as this will give me accurate results and I have decided to use a gas cylinder rather than a measuring cylinder to collect gas as this is more accurate and easy to read. Fair testing In order to ensure that my results are reliable and accurate I will endeavour to make sure that there is only one variable in all of my experiments. Given that I only wish to test one variable I will make sure that I control all other variables that could affect the amount of gas produced in my experiments. Factors that could affect the results of my experiments are temperature, pH, apparatus and substances. To maintain a constant temperature throughout all my experiments I will conduct all of my experiments with the side arm boiling tube in an electronically heated water bath set at a temperature of 30i C. I have chosen this temperature as it is higher than room temperature so this will not affect it and it is not at a temperature high enough to denature the enzymes. To control pH I will add a pH buffer to the liver suspension buffering the pH at seven. I have chosen seven as it is neutral and therefore should not affect my experiments. I will also test the pH of the liver suspension at the start of each experiment using universal indicator if the paper turns light green I will know the pH is seven. To ensure that my apparatus is in working order I will ensure that I assemble the apparatus well and double check that all connections are well made and are therefore as air tight as possible. This will mean that any all gas produced goes into the gas cylinder and does not escape the apparatus so that my results are accurate. Given that all substance concentration that I will ask for will be mixed by the school biology department I cannot be sure exactly what is in them so unfortunately I will have to trust that all the substances I use are what they should be. Before using any of my substances I will stir them for ten seconds using a glass rod, this is to ensure that there is an even distribution of liver in my suspension so my results are accurate. Also, I will always use the same concentration of 10 vols hydrogen peroxide. Another factor which could affect my results is human error. When I am conducting my experiments it is possible that I could inaccurately measure my substances and I could start the stop clock at the wrong time. To accurately measure all of my substances I have chosen the most accurate apparatus to measure them with. I will measure as closely as is possible with the human eye measuring my liver suspension accurate to the nearest 0. 01cm3 and my hydrogen peroxide to the nearest 0. 1cm3. Also, when injecting my hydrogen peroxide I will inject it as quickly as possible so the full amount is in the boiling tube as soon as possible. I will start the stop clock at the very moment I inject the hydrogen peroxide so my results are accurate. Safety When conducting my experiments it is vital that I take the utmost care to be safe in the laboratory. I will wear safety glasses to protect my eyes as well as tucking my tie into my shirt to avoid it coming into contact with any apparatus or substances. Also, when dealing with hydrogen peroxide I will only remove the stopper from the bottle when I need to use it, I will extract it with a syringe and replace the stopper immediately. I will do this as hydrogen peroxide is highly dangerous and can cause the spontaneous combustion of clothing if applied in high concentrations. Also I will take great care when handling glass equipment and will ensure that all apparatus is properly clamped in place before beginning my experiments. I will be aware of others around me, tidying my apparatus away so it does not pose a danger to others. Also, I will wash my hands after conducting my experiments so as not to leave any dangerous substances on my hands which may be ingested if I put my hands near my mouth. MethodApparatus   A water bath   A trough A side arm boiling tube   A test tube rack   A gas cylinder   A stopwatch   A clamp and retort stand   1x 1cmi syringe   1x 5cmi syringe   A bung with a space for a syringe. Thermometer Diagram Procedure Before conducting any experiments I will ensure that the gas cylinder is full of water with no air bubbles by filling it then placing my thumb over it whilst submersing it in the trough. I will also ensure that the water bath is at a temperature of 30i C. After collecting the listed apparatus I will set it up as in the diagram above. I will then remove the bung and collect a liver suspension. I will begin with a concentration of 2% then proceed to use 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% as well as a control of distilled water. I will firstly take a sample of the solution in a test tube and universal indicator solution to it to in order to monitor the pH of the suspension. I will not add a buffer to control the pH as the chemicals in the buffer could interfere with the reaction and alter my results. I will measure out 0. 2cm3 of the suspension using a 1 cm3 syringe being as accurate as is possible with the naked eye when measuring. I will inject this suspension into the side arm boiling tube and replace the bung. I will then use the 5cm3 syringe to measure out 5cm3 of hydrogen peroxide. I will place the syringe into the bung and ensure that all my apparatus is air tight. I will then quickly inject all of the hydrogen peroxide into the boiling tube whilst simultaneously starting the stop clock. I will then record the amount of gas collected in the gas cylinder at ten second intervals for a period of two minutes. I will then repeat each experiment three times for each concentration of liver. I will record all my results on the table below. After collecting my results I will go on to test a different liver concentration until I have three sets of data for five different concentrations as well as a control. I will then tabulate these results and use the average results for each experiment to plot a graph of my results allowing me to analyse them easily. Taking the average of three experiments for each suspension will give me more reliable results as it will reduce the affect of anomalous results. Also, to ensure that all my tests are fair I will endeavour to use exactly the same conditions for each experiment by maintaining a constant temperature and by measuring all substances as accurately as is possible. I will also ensure that my apparatus is set up in exactly the same way for each experiment. When conducting my experiments I will consider all factors which I discussed in the fair testing section of this project making my results as reliable and accurate as possible. Observations On the next page is a table showing my results for the experiments described in my plan. I will go on to analyse these results in the analysis section. Analysis On the next page is a graph showing volume of gas produced against time for the six concentrations of liver suspension I used in my experiments. Although the graph of my results that I produced may at first appear not to agree with my predicted graph it does in fact indicate that my hypothesis was true. The lines on my graph are in the same positions as I predicted apart from the control graph which was higher than I expected. The lines did not flatten out as I predicted however, I believe this is due to the fact that I used a short time scale and the graphs would have flattened out had I used a longer time scale. I did not use a longer time scale as it would have been pointless given that I am investigating the rate of reaction of several different liver concentrations rather than the rate of reaction changing over time in one concentration of liver. On the whole I am happy with my graphs and I think they verify my hypothesis. My graph for the reaction rate of the 2% liver concentration followed this pattern well. Initially there was a dramatic increase in the amount of gas released. After the first ten seconds this slowed significantly, the amount of gas released still increased but it increased much more slowly and steadily. This was because the catalase broke down the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen slowly and steadily. The reason for the graph continuously going up slowly throughout the entire two minute period was because there was little catalase compared to hydrogen peroxide meaning that even by the end of the two minutes there was still a lot of hydrogen peroxide which had not been decomposed and so the enzymes were still working at the same rate. I think that if I had let the experiment continue for a longer time period the gradient of the graph would have flattened to zero as all of the hydrogen peroxide would have been decomposed. My line is approximately straight showing me that the reaction rate was roughly the same throughout the experiment however, the gradient is steepest at approximately sixty seconds meaning that the rate was highest here. In order to compare the rates of reaction of all my graphs I will need to calculate the rate of reaction for each graph. I will do this by dividing the amount of oxygen produced by the time taken to produce it. This will give me a rate in cmi of oxygen per second (cmi /s). I have chosen to take the rates of reaction from the points on the graphs after thirty seconds. Although it may seem that the maximum rate is at ten seconds and so I should take this rate I think this is due to the hydrogen peroxide I injected displacing air in the apparatus. I have chosen thirty seconds as I think this is sufficient time for the experiment to have settled after the initial burst of gas and it is not too late that some of the reactions had begun to slow down. The rate of reaction at thirty seconds for the 2% concentration suspension is as follows: 3. 83cmi 30s =0. 13cmi /s (2dp) I chose to take my rates to two decimal places as this is accurate enough for me to analyse my rate graph well and it is not so accurate that it would be difficult to plot on a graph. My graph for the rate of reaction of the 4% concentration liver suspension further supports my hypothesis. It has the same initial increase in gas from when I injected the hydrogen peroxide, it then continues to slope upwards but not as fast as before. As I predicted the 4% graph slopes up at a higher gradient than the 2% solution graph. This can be seen by simply looking at the graph. As predicted the gradient of each line is higher than the one that preceded it. This is because as the concentration of the suspension increases there is more catalase to break down the hydrogen peroxide into its component parts. I will now proceed to compare the gradients and rates of reaction for each concentration. On this graph the gradient of the line and the rate of reaction are the same thing as gradient=change in Y Change in X And rate of reaction=amount of gas produced (change in Y axis) Time (change in x axis) Below is a table showing the rates of reaction for each of my concentrations of catalase including the control experiment of 0% catalase. As before I will take the gradient of the line after thirty seconds. concentration of liver suspension amount of gas produced (cmi ) time (s) rate of reaction (cmi /s). On the next page is a graph of my results, I have plotted concentration of liver suspension against rate of reaction, this will better show my results and will help to verify my hypothesis. As you can see from the graph there is clearly a relationship of proportionality between the rate of reaction and the concentration of liver suspension as I predicted in my hypothesis. I have added a best-fit line to my graph to better show this trend. As I predicted the line is slopes upwards showing that as the concentration of liver suspension increases the rate of reaction increases, this is due to the fact that there was more catalase to collide with the hydrogen peroxide in the higher concentrations. One problem with these results is that my control experiment seems to have a rate of reaction however, this is simply due to the initial burst of gas at the start of the experiment when the hydrogen peroxide that I injected displaced air in my apparatus. Although this effectively means that all of my results are wrong I can still draw sensible conclusions from my graphs as every one of my results had the same displacement of air so when comparing my results this in fact has no effect. If there had been no displacement of air in my apparatus I think this line would have been straight and through the origin showing that rate of reaction and concentration of liver suspension are directly proportional. I will not attempt to subtract the gas displaced by the hydrogen peroxide from my results as this could further magnify any inaccuracies in my experiments and I do not need to in order to draw reliable conclusions from my graph. The conclusion I have come to by looking at my graphs is that my hypothesis was correct. I think that as the concentration of the liver suspension increases so does the rate of reaction proportionally.

Inquiry Into The Death Of David Bennett

Inquiry Into The Death Of David Bennett This essay aims to critically analyse the Sir John Blofeld inquiry report into the death of David Bennett in 1998, through the theme of institutional racism. In order to achieve this, I will give a brief background to the inquiry chaired by Blofeld in 2001. This will enable me to reflect upon the various aspects of this particular case and build a context for the inquiry. I will look at explanation of evidence based practice to social work and seek to learn from the report in order to inform my own practice. The choice of the above theme reflects my belief in anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory as a good social work practice. Mr David Bennett was an African-Caribbean. He suffered from schizophrenia. He had been receiving treatment for his mental illness for some eighteen years before the date of his death. On that evening, Mr David Bennett had been in an incident with another patient who was white. During that incident, each man struck out at the other. Mr David Bennett was also the recipient of repeated racist abuse from the other patient. After this incident, Mr David Bennett was moved to another ward. While in that ward he hit a nurse. He was then restrained by a number of nurses and a struggle developed. He was taken to the floor and placed in a prone position, face-down, on the floor. During the prolonged struggle that then continued he collapsed and died. The first part of the Inquiry covers the whole period of Mr David Bennetts illness, the events leading up to his death and certain other events that took place during the hours and days following his death. I will provide a definition of evidence based practice. Evidence based practice is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individuals (Newman et al 2005, P: 4). It calls for decision making that is considered rather than reactive. Therefore professional should be equipped with the knowledge that will enable them to discharge their responsibility effectively, and they must continue to learn, and put that learning in practice. Decision making at an individual level must also be informed by professional judgement and intimate knowledge of the clients personal narrative. Evidence-based practice cannot deliver certainties just increase probabilities (Newman et al 2005). Inquiries have been crucial to raise societys awareness about social problems that disadvantaged groups of people face. For practitioners, the reports of these inquiries have indentified some valuable lessons to be used to refine policies and everyday practice. The findings from MacPherson report into the death of Stephen Lawrence and the Ritchie Inquiry into the care and treatment of Christopher Clunis found institutional racism in the mental health and police. The same problem identified by Blofeld inquiry into the death of David Bennett. Benefits of public inquiry, according to Brammer (2007, P: 291), include its ability to ascertain the facts of the case; learn lessons for the future and to meet public concern. Prior to the death of Bennett, there had been a number of deaths of BME people in psychiatric custody that had concerned the Institute of Race Relations. These included the death of Orville Blackwood in Broadmoor Hospital in 1991 through to the death of Veron Cowan at Blackberry Hill Hospital in Bristol in 1996 (Athwal,2004). The critical atmospheres of inquiries and media attention lead to the belief that there was institutional racism. This put the activities of psychiatrics are usually under scrutiny during public inquiries into the death of BME and as a result, such inquiries have had an impact upon their morale in practice. I will now define institutional racism. The definition set out in the Macpherson Report (1999) is: Institutional racism is the collective failure of an organisation to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin. It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behaviour which amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness and racist stereotyping, which disadvantage minority ethnic people. (Macpherson 1999). Institutional racism is a systematic set of patterns, procedures, practices, and policies that operate within institutions so as to consistently penalise, disadvantage, and exploit individuals who are members of non-White groups (Better, 2002). Institutional racism in mental health hospitals could be evidenced in a number of ways. Failing to provide BME patients with an adequate diagnosis, not providing them with a coherent treatment plan, not offering appropriate treatment and failing to meet needs are common examples. As Singh concludes: Such failures occur repeatedly over many encounters with the services, and several clinicians individually and collectively contribute to the poor decision-making. These experiences are replicated nationally for patients from ethnic minority groups. (Singh, 2007, p: 363). In the case of David Bennett inquiry 2003, all external experts agreed unanimously that institutional racism exists in psychiatric services. In UK, racist practice is not openly or publicly encouraged, according to Race and Relations Act. The public is concerned with institutional racism (the inequalities) in mental health, and there is evidence that Black minority ethnic (BME) people are marginalised in mental health services. Misdiagnosis200 When black people come into contact with professionals such as the psychiatrists or health workers, they focus inappropriately on culture, and ethnicity at the expense of sound clinical judgement and this is where BME Patients experience misdiagnosis and poor health care. In case of David Bennett, his early contact with mental health services, the psychiatrist (Dr Feggetter) was dismissive and believed that his problems were due to cannabis intoxication. From 1980 to 1985 professionals thought that it was his use of cannabis that was causing the problem rather than this mental ill-health, but he was diagnosed later as suffering from schizophrenia. Therefore, the stereotypes can form the basis of misdiagnosis. Pilgrim and Rogers (1999) are of the view that professionals appear to have a limited capacity to recognise psychiatric disorders in black patients compared with other patients. Young black men are misdiagnosed by the mental system, which tends to operate on the basis of limited or inadequate knowledge of black communities and using stereotypical expectations of young black mens behaviours (Fernando, 1998). Treatment 300 Experts estimate that black people are three times more likely to be diagnosed as schizophrenic but less likely to be diagnosed with depression (McKenzie 1999). Also, there is evidence that black men were more likely than others to be held in secure in-patient environments. Pilgrim (2005, P: 32) suggests that racial biases mean black people are disproportionately dealt with by specialists mental health services, and as these services are characterised by coercive practices, one could interpret this as institutional racism. More so, on the clinical side of treatment, In relation to Bennetts treatment at the Norvic Clinic, the report refers to actions by professionals which can be seen as driven by institutional racism. Dr Sagovsky related that Bennett was on a particularly high level of anti-psychotic drugs as he was seen as especially dangerous (Bennett Report, 2003, P: 10), a view that may have been linked to Bennetts physical appearance. Ultimately, this combination of drugs was de scribed as troubling (Bennett Report, 2003, P: 26) by the inquiry, even if it could not be directly linked to Bennetts death Sandhu (2007) argue that many people from BME backgrounds complain that mental health services focus primarily on medication maintenance and control therefore; appropriate chances for recovery are limited. The diagnosis applied to the black patients were, however, significantly different from those applied to the white patients. A research by Littlewood and cross (1980, p: 121) found that stereotyped attitudes led to assumptions that ECT is suitable for black patients than white patients. Blackness and madness plus dangerousness. 220 In addition to that, black patients are dealt with impartially in the psychiatric units, their level of dangerousness is assessed objectively on the basis of information provided and likelihood of mental illness based on history. Bennett was a very athletic young man, staffs were frightened of him. These misconceptions about black people that have also become embedded in mental health practices often combine to influence the way in which mental health services assess and respond to the needs of black people. Restraints Brammer (2007, P: 467) is of the view that there is evidence that practice race is considered an index for dangerousness in mental health field. Staff working with Bennett perceived his race as dangerousness, and so the staff had to use too much force to restrain him, by pinning him down for long when they should not have done so. To some sources; it is a serious failure of training that no time limits were given for the restraint of a person in a prone position, but to others its racism. Fernando (2002) the dangerousness of a BME patient is determined by racial stereotypes of black people while other factors are ignored. This is institutional racism, how can race determine dangerousness of patients. Fernando (2002) further highlights that the power of people working in mental health provide cover for racism to operate unchallenged. This denial of racism is common within organisations where it can be found. Collier (1999) suggests that: The oddest thing about institutional racism is the blindness of the perpetrators. In a racist organisation outrageous thoughts and behaviours are acceptable and all apparently without questioning.worse still the victims are caught too as they seem paralysed, unable or unwilling to protest in case they suffer more. Admissions 320 One way in which institutional racism manifests itself is the over-representation of BME in compulsory admission in psychiatric units. The count me in the census for England and Wales showed higher rates of admission for mental illness and more adverse pathways to care for some BME groups and led to accusations of institutional racism within psychiatry. The keys issues identified in the Bennett report are common to discussion around BME communities and mental health, namely the high levels of compulsory detention. As Patel and Heginbotham (2007, p: 367) write: Either there is an epidemic of mental illness among certain Black groups or there are seriously worrying practices that are leading to disproportionate levels of admission. A large number of people from ethnic minority are particularly likely to be detained under section 136 Mental Health Act 1983, and there are a large number of young Afro-Caribbean males admitted under compulsory detention into psychiatric hospitals. Nearly half of these numbers were referred by the police, courts of law, social workers and GPs (Browne 1997). By 1990s, studies reported that African Caribbean males were over-represented among those formally detained in acute in patients units, and they were also up to 3 times more likely to be sectioned than their white counterparts. This supports the view that institutional racism is popular in mental health units. However, the decision to detain a patient is necessarily preceded by patients refusal to accept help on a voluntary basis. This is because some groups of people refuse help from psychiatric services and sometimes are non- compliant. Therefore, interpreting institutional racism as the main explanation for the excess of deten tions among ethnic minorities adds little to debate and prevents the search for real causes of these differences. Cultural needs. 470 Institutional racism is about how organisations acknowledge the diversity of their client base and meet their cultural needs. The Bennett Report provided a number of examples of how these needs were not met with Bennett. For example, Dr Stanley also said that Bennett did not wear dreadlocks and yet she knew he was Rastafarian, and in most cases his religious beliefs and cultural were not mentioned through his meetings with different consultants. Staff within the system failed to understand that ignorance or thoughtlessness can lead to a form of institutional racism just as damaging as overt deliberate racism therefore; one fits with the Macpherson definition of inquiry. Further more, there is a wide-spread perception that mental health services do not have sufficient understanding of the complex and diverse religious, cultural and traditional needs of BME people and that this constitutes institutional racism as defined by Macpherson report. Dr Feggetter noted that Bennetts cultural needs were not addressed, but patients were treated as human beings. There is a need to treat each person as an individual rather than a group. Fernando (1986) shows how the effects of racism can result in depression through experience of rejection, loss and hopelessness. It may also create a bias to depression through a feeling of hopelessness and inability to exercise any control over external forces. Racial discrimination is an obvious cause of stress in the lives of people from the ethnic communities, however, any policies and practices measures to address the diverse needs of BME groups including appropriately sensitive environments taking into account patients dieta ry, religious and cultural backgrounds. Sewell (2009) differences in culture whatever it is, may lead to real differences in understanding and communication of certain experiences. It is vital to remember that there are some people within a BME group who may adhere to their cultural practices while others may not. Racial harassments The report argued that Bennetts racial, cultural or social needs were not met within the mental health system and that it failed to protect him from what were at times high levels of racial abuse from other patients. Racial harassment is a serious problem, and it is important that service providers should have clear policies and procedures to deal with inter-patients racial harassment. The report stated that staff within the system failed to understand that ignorance or thoughtlessness can develop a form of institutional racism just as damaging as overt deliberate racism. Another telling point in the report that can be seen as evidence of institutional racism is the finding that Bennett was a man who was treated at times with a degree of intolerance and at times as if he were a nuisance who had to be contained (Bennett Report 2003, P:12). In the events leading up to Bennetts death, staff failed to adequately address the sustained racial abuse that Bennett received from another patien t and also apparently ignored Bennetts complaints that he was a black man trying to cope in a white environment. Bennett was bound to feel acutely sensitive and particularly if their perception is that no action may be taken to prevent racist abuse. What is relevant here is the point that institutional racism does not have to involve direct racism by staff or members of an organisation it can equally stem from an organisational failure to address racism that might come from other service users or clients. Criticism of the theme In this section will look at the impact of institutional racism on the service user: This accusation of racism as an explanation for these findings is not productive, as It leads to several damaging consequences for the profession, ethnic minority groups and most crucially for ethnic minority patients. It is the psychiatry organisation which is discriminatory but not individual psychiatrists. Therefore, we must focus on the underlying reasons whatever those are, and try to understand the multifunctional interrelated issues which lead to the cited high admissions and detention rates for some groups in society. The different rates might also be a consequence of discrimination and racism that ethnic minority people face in Britain. It would not be surprising if the multiple victimisation that some are subjected to, led to mental distress (Hudson 1992, 4-5). Thompson (2006, P: 80) asserts that BME people become mentally ill as a result of the systematic erosion of their capacity to deal with multiple oppression. This explains why BME patients in psychiatric units become violent in the psychiatric units than when they were admitted. When we look at the case of Bennett racial abuses from other patients and control agitated him. Institutional racism acts like a self fulfilling prophecy by contributing to mistrust of services by ethnic minorities, thereby leading to delayed help seeking with increased use of detention and coercive treatments for ethnic minority patients. BMH (2009) agree that new horizons offers the opportunity to ensure that the failures highlighted within the Bennett inquiry report are taken forward and addressed through this new strategy. It goes onto suggest that there must be moves away from the medical model and admitting a disproportionate number of black patients into secure psychiatric settings. The rights and health care needs of BME are less likely to be taken seriously than those of white clients. A key element of the governments response to the Bennett Report has been the development of the Delivering Race Equality in Mental Health Care (DRE) which aims to achieve equality and tackle discrimination for all BME mental health service users. Amongst the aims of DRE are: a reduction in fear of mental health services among BME communities; reduced rates of admission of BME people to psychiatric inpatient units; reduced rates of compulsory detention for BME service users; a more active role for BME communities and service users in training and development of mental health policy and; the provision of a mental health workforce and organisation capable of delivering appropriate and responsive mental health services to BME communities (DOH, 2005). DRE is a positive initiative and is clearly aimed at clearing out any forms of institutional racism within mental health services. Social work Looking at the implications of Bennett inquiry in relation to social work practice the key tools are to combat institutional racism within mental health services has to be the use of anti-discriminatory practice. This requires social workers to understand that discrimination and oppression are often central to the situations that they encounter (Davies 2003). Within the arena of mental health, anti-discriminatory practice entails moving out of an ethnocentric frame of reference and taking account of the fact that we live in a multi-ethnic society. On a wide level, justice, equality and participation are important concepts of anti-discriminatory practice (Davies 2003). The code of practice requires that people to whom the Act is applied should be given respect for their qualities and diverse backgrounds as individuals and be assured that account will be taken of their age, sex, gender, social ethnic cultural and religious backgrounds but that general assumptions will not be made on the basis of anyone of these characteristics (Ninth Biennial report1999-2001, p: 63). In mental health participation might involve service users in the planning, coordination and evaluation of services to provide opportunities for empowerment and to ensure that services are culturally appropriate and responsive. To use the mental health code of practice 08 participation principle that service user should be involved in planning, developing and reviewing their treatment. It was cited that professional working with Bennett did not involve him at all. Empowerment within mental health can also refer to ensuring that BME service users are able to access information about services and go on to receive such services. Ideas about working in partnership with service users are also important here referring back to the Bennett report, there was little in the way of working in partnership with Bennett during the time of his illness and little evidence of empowerment or anti-discriminatory practice to try and eliminate the elements of racism within service provision (Burke and Dalrymple, 2006). The GSCC Codes of Practice lay out ways in which both social workers and management can act to combat institutional racism. The codes for social workers state that they must use established processes and procedures to challenge and report dangerous, abusive, discriminatory or exploitative behaviour and practice (3.2 GSCC codes of practice) and also crucially in challenging institutional racism. they must not condone any unlawful or unjustifiable discrimination by service users, carers or colleagues. (5.6 GSCC codes of practice). Social care employers must also establish processes under which social workers can report dangerous, discriminatory or abusive behaviour and have methods to deal with these reports (4.2 GSCC codes of practice). Such processes were clearly lacking at the Norvic Clinic when Bennett was a patient and it is important that organisations have channels for staff at all levels to challenge any forms of racism by colleagues of service users. As indicated previously, social workers working with BME service users with mental illness need to have an understanding of cultural differences between this service user group and white people. They must also treat BME service users and white service users in the same way. For example a black man presenting with possible mental illness may be talking loudly common symptoms of mental illness. However if a professional simply sees an angry black man there may be an incorrect judgement that trouble or problems may follow and an inappropriate response might be the result. (Bennett Report 2003, P: 48). Practitioners need to examine their own attitudes and ask themselves whether their practice shows any evidence of indirect discrimination, however anti-discriminatory they may feel that they are as an individual. For example, do practitioners misinterpret cultural differences as mental health symptoms, do they believe there is a link between immigration and mental illness or could they be inherently racist and see some service users as posing more of a risk simply because they are not white?. The Bennett Report found that institutional racism existed within UK mental health services and there is still work required to eliminate this. Collier (1999) asserts, Institutional racism must be stamped out, but leaving it to individuals is not to be recommended. Mechanisms must be put in position to make the change corporatenothing less is unfair or unworkable This is the key point institutional racism is far bigger than the actions of a few individuals and beyond the remit of individuals to resolve. Tackling inherent institutional racism across a large organisation needs large scale change over a period of time. The recommendations of the Bennett Report have pointed the way forward and DRE looks to build on this. Change to attitudes towards BME service users must be driven from the top downwards and be embedded in all areas of the organisation. Advocate for service user who feels that they are wrongly detained in hospital under MHA1983, inappropriate use of power under MHA83 is a trap, for social workers to fall into if they are not sufficiently aware of diversity issues of psychiatry (Thompson 2006). I have learned that I should be able to challenge racism, and should always recognise and respect diversity when working with service users. I should endeavour to always reflect on my practice using own initiatives, involve service users and their families in formulating care plans, be able to work as a team member and continue to update myself in current guidelines, policies and procedures and more so, work in anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive manner. In conclusion; Institutional racism could possibly explain why BME higher prevalence within in-patient areas of the mental health service. On the other hand, it is clearly apparent that institutional racism is still at large, what is needed here is a re-assessment of the mental health service, including new coping strategies for individuals from BME and support community wide. The breakdown of stereotyping will be necessary for both the medical professional and the wider community. It is clear that staff in mental health units have in the past ignored cultural values of others.

Voltaire Essay -- essays research papers

Voltaire was a talented, assertive, and controversial French writer from the eighteenth century enlightenment period. He was born in 1694 to a wealthy family in Paris, and given the name Francois-Marie Arouet. During the early years of his life Voltaire endured many hardships. For instance, his mother passed away when he was seven leaving only his father and older brother to raise him. Unfortunately, this added insult to injury as Voltaire despised both his father and brother. Nevertheless, Voltaire's determination allowed him to rise above his early misfortunes, and he later went on to pursue college at the College of Louis-le-Grand in Paris. Once there he studied literature, despite his father's wishes that he pursue a carreer in law. It was during this stretch of the young writer's life he first voiced his oppositions on the established church and government in France. By the young age of twenty two Voltaire was exhiled to Sully-sur-Loire for writing a satire of the Duke of Orleans, the ruling regent of France. Voltaire's bouts with those in power continued throughout most his life. In fact, he was subject to brief spells in prison on more than one occasion for aggrevating the reigning Monarch. Despite French governmental attempts to deter or imprison him, Voltaire went on to become an exeptional philosopher, author, and leading figure of the enlightenment The overall message of "Candide" is that every human being has the p...

Violence on Film Essay -- Film Review, Hollywood, Gunfigther

The Western stands as one of the great genres of Hollywood cinema, as it possesses the ability to transcend both time and subject matter. Accordingly, the types of themes which this genres addresses, such as romanticism, and American heroism, can still be seen as viable commodities within modern-day storytelling. However, while The Western has focused on various topics throughout its cinematic history, what ultimately serves as the primary critique of the genre, is the exploration of role of violence and aggression within society (Lusted 16). Furthermore, at the source of this examination is the â€Å"Gunfighter† Western, which centers the focus of the genre to a more individualized and intimate perspective. Accordingly, films such as Henry King’s The Gunfighter (1950) and David Cronanberg’s A History Of Violence (2004) can be observed as examples of this focus. However, while both King and Cronenberg successfully explore the concepts of violence and aggression within their time periods, when examined in terms of their overall effectiveness in exploring the necessity, and ambiguity of these themes, Cronenberg’s willingness to explore the possibility of redemption, is what ultimately makes A History of Violence a more effective and provocative film. As Lusted notes, the Gunfighter Western was one of the first of the genre to be interested â€Å"in the process of change† (Lusted 210). Instead of focusing on such themes as the collective effort of westward expansion, like many of John Ford’s Westerns (Schatz 70-71), the Gunfighter â€Å"turns the genre and its hero inside out,† (Schatz 71) and takes a more introspective look at how violence can be found at the core of social order. To do this, the focus shifts away from films that play on the ... ...oral world. Instead, by allowing the character to live, Cronenberg not only suggests that there’s moral grounding within the use of violence, particularly in terms of its supposed protection towards the progression of society, but also provokes the question,â€Å"just who are we rooting for in this film?† (Beaty 87). Not only does the film force the audience to think about the effects of violence, but questions whether we as an audience, like Tom’s family, can accept violence as an ambiguous method of social order. Ultimately, it’s because of this complex, evocative nature, and the fact that the film questions not only the morality of the characters, but the audience itself, instead of enforcing morality on its audience like in The Gunfighter, that the film succeeds in demonstrating the full specter of violence and aggression, both on screen and in society.

Essay on Lust and Love in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130 and Campion’s There

Lust and Love in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130 and Campion’s There is a Garden in Her Face  Ã‚     Ã‚   When a comparison is made between There is a Garden in Her Face by Thomas Campion and Sonnet 130 by William Shakespeare, the difference between lustful adoration and true love becomes evident. Both poems involve descriptions of a beloved lady seen through the eyes of the speaker, but the speaker in Campion's poem discusses the woman's beautiful perfections, while the speaker in Shakespeare's poem shows that it is the woman's faults which make her beautiful. In There is a Garden in Her Face, the subject of the speaker's affection is idolized beyond reality and is placed so high upon a pedestal that she is virtually unattainable. Campion uses metaphors and similes to compare the lady to the splendors of nature. Roses and cherries are repeatedly used to describe various parts of the lady, like her rosy cheeks and luscious lips. Her teeth are said to be made "[o]f orient pearl a double row" (line 8). The white of the pearl, the lilies and the snow build the image of a woman of purity and virtue. This notion of the lady as a divine creature is further emphasized by the many references to heaven. Her face is seen as "[a] heavenly paradise"(3), her eyes are "like angels"(13), and her lips are called "sacred cherries"(17). They are a forbidden fruit, similar to those of the garden of Eden, that no one may touch or even look at "[t]ill 'Cherry ripe!' themselves do cry" (5). The lady is viewed to be unapproachable unless she gives her permission to be approached. She seems cold and unfeeling when her brows are described as "bended bows" (14) ready to kill with "piercing frowns"(15), so it is likely that she does not give her permission easi... ...uty which is impossible for any woman or man to match. Campion's poem reflects this impossible ideal that society inflicts on us. This woman in There is a Garden in Her Face could never really live up to the image that the speaker has created of her. The image is false, and so is his love because he is only focusing on her outward appearance. The speaker in Shakespeare's sonnet clearly is not in love with his mistress' looks. Everything about her is contrary to society's standards, but he understands the absurdity of these standards and rejects them. There is more to his mistress than meets the eye, and that is why he truly loves her.   Works Cited Abrams, M.H., ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. New York: Norton, 1993. Campion, Thomas. "There is a Garden in Her Face." Abrams 1044. Shakespeare, William. "Sonnet 130." Abrams 820.       Essay on Lust and Love in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130 and Campion’s There Lust and Love in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130 and Campion’s There is a Garden in Her Face  Ã‚     Ã‚   When a comparison is made between There is a Garden in Her Face by Thomas Campion and Sonnet 130 by William Shakespeare, the difference between lustful adoration and true love becomes evident. Both poems involve descriptions of a beloved lady seen through the eyes of the speaker, but the speaker in Campion's poem discusses the woman's beautiful perfections, while the speaker in Shakespeare's poem shows that it is the woman's faults which make her beautiful. In There is a Garden in Her Face, the subject of the speaker's affection is idolized beyond reality and is placed so high upon a pedestal that she is virtually unattainable. Campion uses metaphors and similes to compare the lady to the splendors of nature. Roses and cherries are repeatedly used to describe various parts of the lady, like her rosy cheeks and luscious lips. Her teeth are said to be made "[o]f orient pearl a double row" (line 8). The white of the pearl, the lilies and the snow build the image of a woman of purity and virtue. This notion of the lady as a divine creature is further emphasized by the many references to heaven. Her face is seen as "[a] heavenly paradise"(3), her eyes are "like angels"(13), and her lips are called "sacred cherries"(17). They are a forbidden fruit, similar to those of the garden of Eden, that no one may touch or even look at "[t]ill 'Cherry ripe!' themselves do cry" (5). The lady is viewed to be unapproachable unless she gives her permission to be approached. She seems cold and unfeeling when her brows are described as "bended bows" (14) ready to kill with "piercing frowns"(15), so it is likely that she does not give her permission easi... ...uty which is impossible for any woman or man to match. Campion's poem reflects this impossible ideal that society inflicts on us. This woman in There is a Garden in Her Face could never really live up to the image that the speaker has created of her. The image is false, and so is his love because he is only focusing on her outward appearance. The speaker in Shakespeare's sonnet clearly is not in love with his mistress' looks. Everything about her is contrary to society's standards, but he understands the absurdity of these standards and rejects them. There is more to his mistress than meets the eye, and that is why he truly loves her.   Works Cited Abrams, M.H., ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. New York: Norton, 1993. Campion, Thomas. "There is a Garden in Her Face." Abrams 1044. Shakespeare, William. "Sonnet 130." Abrams 820.      

How the Recession Effects Used Car Prices Essay

There are several factors which are affecting the price of new and used vehicles since the current recession began. Because people have been forced to hang on to their cars longer it has driven up the price of used cars because the pool of used cars has gotten smaller. New car sales have were down as well further pushing up the price of used vehicles since fewer people bought new cars during the recession. Fewer new car purchases equals less used cars. The production of new cars has also been cut meaning that there are less new cars in circulation which in turn means fewer used cars from sources like car rental places. The higher price of used cars has pushed some people to look for deals on new cars but dealer incentives have been reduced making the purchase of a new car less enticing then it would have been in the past. Because there are less new cars being produced, the price of new cars has also gone up. The high cost of gasoline has also affected the demand of new and used cars. As gas prices go up the demand for new cars goes down as people do not wish to spend as much money on their cars. So rather than make a high monthly car payment on a new vehicle they choose a lower payment on a used car or may chose to purchase the car outright. References: Why used-car prices are going to stay high for years: http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2012/05/why-used-car-prices-will-stay-high-for-years/1#.UGdhRJjA-kY Used-Car Prices Climb http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204136404577205383041923996.html As Gas Prices Go, So Go Prices for Used Cars http://moneyland.time.com/2012/05/31/as-gas-prices-go-so-go-prices-for-used-cars/

World Energy Outlook Reaction Paper

Reaction Paper on World Energy Outlook The World Energy Outlook is an annual publication of the International Energy Agency. It is widely recognized as the most authoritative energy source for global energy projections and analysis. The annual publication contains long-term energy market projections, extensive statistics, analysis and advice for both governments and the energy business. The World Energy Outlook has also developed alternative scenario that puts the global energy systems on a trajectory to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions. Their latest publication was the World Energy Outlook 2012 that was released last November 2012.Here is what I have learned from the executive summary. There is a new global energy landscape that is emerging. Taking all new developments and policies into hand, our world is still failing to put the global energy system onto a more sustainable path. Global energy demand grows by more than one-third over the period of 2035 with China, India and Middle East accounting for 60% of the increase. Energy demand barely rises in the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries, but there is a big movement away from oil, coal and nuclear towards natural gases and renewable energies.I have learned that despite the growth in low-carbon sources of energy, fossil fuels remain dominant in the global energy mix, supported by subsidies that amounted to $523 billion in 2011, up almost 30% on 2010 and six times more than subsidies to renewable. The cost of fossil-fuel subsides has been driven up by higher oil prices. Energy developments in the United States are profound and their effect will be felt by other nations as well. It is projected that around 2020, the United States will be the largest global oil producer and starts to see the impact of new fuel-efficiency measures in transport.This would enable a switch in direction of international oil trade towards Asia. In the publication, it is said that energy efficiency is widely recognized as a key option in the hands of policy makers but current efforts fall well short of tapping its full economic potential. It was also mentioned as well that the tackling the barriers to energy efficiency investment can unleash the potential and realize huge gains for energy security, economic growth and the environment. Successful action to this would have a major impact on the global energy and climate trends. I’ve found out in the report that natural as is the only fossil fuel for which global demand grows in all scenarios, showing that it fares well under different policy conditions. Also, coal has met nearly half of the rise in global energy demand over the last decade, growing faster even than total renewable. Whether coal demand carries on rising strongly or changes path will depend on the strength of policy measures that favor lower-emissions energy sources. Thus, the sensitivity of the changes in policy, the development of alternative fuels and t he timely availability of infrastructure create much uncertainty for international steam coal markets and prices. It was also mentioned in the publication report that the world’s demand for electricity grows twice as fast as its total energy consumption and the challenge to meet this demand is heightened by the investment needed to replace ageing power sector infrastructure. Of the new generation capacity that is built to 2035, around one-third is needed to replace plants that are retired. Half of all new capacity is based on renewable sources of energy, although coal remains the leading global fuel for power generation.Average global electricity prices increase by 15% to 2035 in real terms, driven higher by increased fuel input costs, a shift to more capital-intensive generating capacity, subsidies to renewable energies and CO2 pricing in some countries. A steady increase in hydropower and the rapid expansion of wind and solar power has paved the position of renewable energi es as an essential part of the global energy mix; by 2035, renewable energies account for almost one-third of total electricity output. Solar grows more rapidly than any other renewable technology.Renewable energies become the world’s second-largest source of power generation by 2015 and, by 2035; they approach coal as the primary source of global electricity. Despite progress in the past year, nearly 1. 3 billion people globally remain without access to electricity. Further, water is essential to energy production which includes: power generation; extraction, transport and processing of oil, gas and coal; and irrigation for crops used to produce bio-fuels. Also, water is growing in importance as a criterion for assessing the viability of energy projects, as population and economic growth intensify competition for water resources.Thus, managing the energy sector’s water vulnerabilities will require deployment of better technology and greater integration of energy and w ater policies. In summary, the outlook for global energy is not just a matter for energy companies, but it is an issue for all of us. The global outlook expects global CO2 emissions to continue as population and demand for energy grows rapidly. Powerful long run trends continue to shape the modern energy economy: industrialization, urbanization and motorization.These trends are associated with increasing quantities of energy consumption, increasing efficiency of energy use in production and consumption, increasing diversification of sources of energy, and increasing demand for clean and convenient energy. Also, the global fuel mix continues to diversify and non-fossil fuels will tend to be a major source of supply growth. The contribution of renewable energies will also tend to grow in the global fuel mix. With these in line, energy policy makers and energy development organizations must continue to work together and implement regulations for the betterment of our environment for fu ture generations. References: 1. World Energy Outlook. Wikipedia. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/World_Energy_ Outlook. (Accessed February 2013). 2. World Energy Outlook 2012 Executive Summary. International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook Publications. http://www. worldenergyoutlook. org/ publications/weo-2012/#d. en. 26099. (Accessed February 2013). 3. BP Energy Outlook 2030. BP Statistical Review. http://www. bp. com/ liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/sta tistical_energy_review_2011/STAGING/local_assets/pdf/2030_energy_outlook_boo klet. pdf. (Accessed February 2013). 3